Thank you! Yes definitely, I will try to explain step 3 on the non-stutterer's side. Step 3 is where non-stutterers (subconsciously) place the articulator position. For example, if they want to say the /P/, then they simply close their lips. Or, if they want to pronounce the /A/ sound, they simply start out with closed vocal chords. Or, if they are about to say the /T/, then they position the articulators, which in this case is the tip of the tongue and place this against the upper palate inside the mouth. So, step 3 and step 5 are both articulatory '*instructions*'. Afterwards comes the voice onset '*instruction*'. In other words, 2 articulatory instructions + 1 voice onset instruction, which in the case of people who stutter, they switch the order of executing these steps or instructions, which I argue, is a "*learned*" behavior. In my experience, I notice that I switch the order, because: * (1) I don't put complete faith in the feedforward system (*aka I have no confidence in my ability to do step 5*), and thus I rely on 'measuring' the perfect articulatory tension (aka feedback control) to decide whether to apply step 5 '*instructing speech movements*'. So, in one viewpoint, lacking confidence is not the problem, rather, me relying on needing confidence to begin with is the real problem of my stutter disorder, this is one point, and the second problem is, that I rely on sensory feedback to wait out articulation (aka delaying or replacing step 5). This is just my take on it.