>*"To some extent I believe somebody can predict with a level of certainty what they will stutter on, but there‘a also a level of the PWS creating their stuttering by predicting it."* I agree with you. Also, the definition of stuttering generally implies repetitions, prolongations, blocks, and sometimes even secondaries and avoidance-behaviors. In the context of reducing ambiguity when discussing 'stuttering anticipation', I myself prefer to adopt the primary symptom of stuttering instead. Some researchers perceive the primary symptom as: *inhibition of executing motor movements*. In other words, they propose that if CWS anticipate negative reactions, or AWS anticipate upcoming stuttered speech, then we react to it **emotionally** (triggering right-hemisphere activities), then we don't create a speech plan, resulting in not initiating execution of speech movements (which results in a block). Jackson (2020) found in his study that AWS don't trigger the right-hemisphere when speaking unanticipated words (only on anticipated words), which I reviewed in my previous post. In my own experience, I did speech therapies, however, my therapists did not help mitigate stuttering anticipation. Ironically, anticipation also plays a big role in many other disorders (such as social anxiety disorder, ptsd and ocd), and it seems that mitigating anticipation is one of the primary objectives for people with social anxiety disorder, ptsd and ocd. In this viewpoint, I argue that the therapeutic developments in stuttering seems to be lagging, likely because the stuttering disorder is not as popular.