Sure, PWS have less grey matter in a part of the brain called the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The amount of size-reduction correlates with severity of stutter *to a degree*. We also have different connectivity between the IFG and other parts of the brain. Because our brains aren't wired the way they're supposed to be, when we're speaking we compensate by activating parts of the brain in the right hemisphere that fluent speakers do not. It's like lifting with your back when you should be lifting with your legs. The most common form of speech therapy, fluency-shaping therapy (FST), corrects some of these abnormalities. It reduces the amount of activation in the right hemisphere, and brings brain activation patterns closer to fluent speakers, which is good. Utilizing those techniques will reduce the number of dysfluencies, but independent raters actually *rate FST speech as less natural than stuttered speech*. So FST is an effective tool for reducing dysfluency in the short-term, but it's not an ideal solution; it requires effort and sounds unnatural, and the brain patterns are better but not ideal. Then there's the group of "recovered stutterers." These are people who's stutter persisted into adulthood - if a stutter persists beyond adolescence it becomes permanent - but their fluency is on par with non-stutterers. They stutter more than 0% of the time, and they still worry about stuttering, but it's pretty much undetectable to the untrained eye. They didn't get there through speech therapy. There was no consensus "reason" among the 13 of them for their improved fluency; half engaged in some form of self-improvement, others reported general increases in quality of life. Here's the crazy part about the recovered stutterers: Their brain activated differently than any of the other groups. The recovered group activated a part of the brain next to the grey matter deficiency in the IFG. That activation clearly separates the recovered group from non-stutterers and pre-/post-FST stutterers. So if we can figure out how to get stutterer's brains to fire that way, we could see an **insane** reduction in dysfluency, and a **major** increase in quality of life for people with a stutter. It's amazing to know that level of fluency is even possible, can be a goal. For the record, I'd probably place myself in that group. I attribute the change to increased self-confidence, mindful self-management, keeping a handwritten journal, and reading aloud for practice when my fluency dropped. There will be an entire section of the book on my advice for others can improve their long-term fluency. Send me a DM if you're interested and I'll send you the draft of that section.