"For many, standard stress reduction strategies are unhelpful in the moment of a block." Yes agree. My viewpoint: if one takes a breath from the diaphragm then some stutterers change their mindset from: Unhelpful condition: 'I escape a block' so I do repetition to Helpful condition: 'If I breathe from the diaphragm, then I won't do repetition/block' However, other PWS (like me) don't change this condition (or mindset) after breathing from the diaphragm, so then I do repetition to escape a block (even when one is calm or does breathing deeply from the diaphragm).