Both negative and positive - outcomes, thoughts and feelings - are a contributing factor to the anticipation of a stutter, as 'defining or labeling oneself as a stutterer' could be a way of acceptance that reinforces habit forming of the anticipation of a stutter. Acceptance (and justification) of an incorrect habit that is unquestioned is referred to as: "a positive outcome" leading to an anticipation of a stutter. To define it more accurately, the extra effort to try harder to speak better or more fluently, is actually by 1. focusing on the speech muscles (controlling speech mechanism) 2. focusing on -external locus of control: the progress of less stuttering (instead of - internal locus - tolerance of anticipation or disconfirming expectancy) 3. focusing on the stutter feeling (aka fight or flight response) confirming to ourselves how 'threatening' the anticipatory anxiety is (instead of - internal locus - detaching importance of the anxiety by learning that the fight or flight response (and anxiety thoughts) is not threatening, true or is not one's true intensions.