>Another part was changing my emotions to feel safe when talking to other people and to validate myself more often than seeking others' approval. I don't mean being braver; I mean not having subconscious fear reactions in the first place. This is a lot easier at my age [29] than it was, say, 15 years ago. I don't really know what worked, but overall I got a lot better. But your new outlook didn't cure your stutter. They allowed one of your emotional arousals (fear) to decrease in such a way that your linguistic processing could take the front seat in certain interactions. This didn't go far in addressing other emotional arousals, or the actual linguistic processing error itself. It is a band-aid. It is a great band-aid, for sure. I saw a significant decrease in my stuttering once I stopped being a covert stutterer and put my energy into accepting it, learning how to stutter more productively, and no longer put so much energy toward wondering how my stutter was being viewed. Most PWS have come to this conclusion long ago. But then when other emotional arousals appear, such as my mother's death or times of elevated work stress, stuttering will reappear with greater frequency. Unless a PWS can completely wipe their brain of all emotional arousal (and you do see people saying that certain emotion-numbing medications do bring them results), that's always going to be something that will exacerbate the condition. Of course it's always a great idea to try and remove unnecessary negative emotions such as a fear of social situations, even if you aren't a PWS. It's always a huge benefit to learn how to process emotions in a healthier way. These things can make a stutter more manageable for some. I just have a bone to pick when people claim a causation between negative/passive emotions and stuttering. The emotions aren't causing it, they're just making our brains a little too busy to put forth the herculean amount of energy necessary to overcome our inherent linguistic error. If a fluent person required a tablespoon of energy, a PWS requires a cup. While emptying out the measuring cup is going to make it easier to get the needed amount, the fact still remains that we'll need far more than we should, and until we begin only needing a reasonable amount, stuttering is still going to be a problem, however manageable it may be. It just isn't practical to instruct a person to feel nothing.