but even in the case of incomplete construction it's still the result of the constriction. The valsalva is a passive response. It is always the result of vocal tract constriction and simultaneous abdominal compression. It's not the valsalva that's complicit to stuttering, it's the constriction. The valsalva explanation is no different than saying disfluencies are the result of excess musculo-skeletal tension. Yet excess musculo-skeletal tension is the primary feature of all disfluencies. If the proposed cause is the same thing as the measure we're find ourselves back at square 1 very quickly.