**TL;DR Summary:** *Contextual variability*: * randomness and cyclical patterns of stuttering * internal state factors * specific cues * perceived judgement within social contexts * concern with how stuttering would be perceived by others * concern for social approval * linguistic meaningfulness (i.e., propositionality) at the beginning of sentences compared to words occurring at the end, which are more predictable in nature * imperceptible changes in emotions These salient factors are grounded within speakers’ perspectives that contextualize prevailing - i.e., listener-oriented - narratives of stuttering. These factors may interact with neural differences in speech motor planning and execution in a nonlinear manner. Some anticipatory responses may be subperceptual (i.e., occur without a cue being sensed or perceived by the speaker). Many techniques are heavily contingent upon an individual’s ability to anticipate stuttering.