This is my attempt to summarize your comment: **Unhelpful beliefs/attitudes:** * unhelpful beliefs/attitudes may lead to speech blocks * stress response could lead to becoming hyper-aware, hyper-sensitive and hyper-vigilant to develop avoidance-behaviors, such as holding back speech resulting in blocking * we have difficulty distinguishing intrusive feelings or thoughts from real danger * we overestimate giving a good impression to justify fight flight freeze * we underestimate our speaking ability to justify fight flight freeze **Helpful beliefs/attitudes:** * don't get a burnout or depressed * accept that stuttering is a vicious cycle * change the way that you process thoughts and perceptions about your speech * disrupt repetitive negative thinking to unlearn unhelpful beliefs/habits * approach fear and fight flight freeze e.g., accepting and letting go, stoicism, mindfulness, breathing strategies and positive hypnosis **Question**: what do you consider fluency behaviors? Answer: I think everyone has a different definition. My definition is that fluent speakers apply these fluency behaviors: they speak immediately when they have the intention to say words - instead of waiting out speech, focus on prosody to maintain the forward flow of speech, think ahead 4-5 words instead of 1-2 words, stay calm when doing a disfluency