Nearly all stuttering theories point to genetic and neurological causes, while also recognizing psychological factors that maintain it. I think genetics create a vulnerability for stuttering to begin. We can’t change our genetics. So let’s focus on what we *can* do: work on the “inner judge” that triggers the approach–avoidance conflict. That’s what this post is about. So: Nearly all models of stuttering emphasize genetic and neurobiological underpinnings alongside psychological factors that perpetuate the condition. We can't change genetics; we *can* change how we respond