>*You said: "Well, no. I don't stutter when I'm alone."* Awesome comment! Me too, what you said resonates a lot with my own experience. When I was in primary school, I always stuttered severely when I was alone. so switching situations from speaking alone to talking with different people didn't increase my stuttering. As a child, even whenever I was speaking in high pressure/anxiety situations, my stutter was the same as it was when I was speaking alone. Then. later in life, I practiced speaking alone. I reached a phase where I didn't stutter anymore when alone. Yet, if I THEN add one single person (even my gentle mum), I would start stuttering severely again. Probably not because the stutter was "more neurological", rather it seemed to be more related to how my subconscious was perceiving (or reacting to) fear of judgements, on a very deeply subconscious level. According to one research, about 40% of people still continue stuttering WHEN they are speaking alone. This is what I think: They still continue stuttering when they are alone. Because their subconscious may still perceive the “alone” environment as not truly private. Like. For example, when I was still a kid, and I stuttered severely WHEN I was alone. It was as if my mind holds a kind of ever-present sense or concept that someone could potentially be nearby, possibly overhearing me, even when no one is actually there. In other words, this internal perspective might be shaped by a subtle, background belief, like a lens through which we view the world. where the possibility of being heard is always lingering in the air "all-present social sensation". Resulting in stuttering even when we are alone. Your thoughts? Also, as a kid, it seems I was relying on the "conditioned concept" that I should stutter the same in all situations, and as such, this value judgement seemed to directly affect my approach-avoidance conflict i.e., the "LINK" between evaluated conflict of SOCIAL COGNITION and freezing. So, even if we stutter when alone, where we are NOT consciously aware of any anxiety or anticipation or pressure or any other triggers. It would seem that our approach-avoidance conflict has still been triggered - where our subconscious responds to a feeling that our speech-related predictions (or conditioned stimuli) are unable to reliably minimize prediction error through perception and action. And then ultimately, it results in a defensive behavior involving the sudden stopping of speech movement to a perceived SUBCONSCIOUS threat, and thus, we stutter if we are alone. Conclusion: So I think that our subconscious, when we stutter alone, seems to be still negatively evaluating the initial planned "speech plan" as an error to execute speech movements. The subconscious then attempts to avoid said error before speech execution can proceed resulting in a silent block (or, a delay in speech motor executoin where the execution of the speech plan is being prevented until the approach-avoidance conflict is resolved). That's just my own take on it. Do you have another perspective?